Water Management. Differentiating Between Drinking Water & Other water.

This quote is taken from the XReadiness Climate Adaptation document under section 5- Water Security and Sustainable Hydration.

This section is good but lacks advanced knowledge. It deals with personal water management. But what happens when the community needs help? Scalable water purification is a different discipline. The XReadiness document lacks scalability.

"Never assume water is safe. Contamination can be invisible and deadly, especially after flooding 
or infrastructure damage. Boiling water for at least one minute kills most bacteria, viruses, and parasites. This remains the gold standard for disinfection. Portable filters (e.g. ceramic or carbon-based) and purification tablets (chlorine or iodine) are essential for mobility or evacuation. DIY methods like sand/charcoal filtering or solar 
disinfection (SODIS) can be used in extended emergencies. The first method should be learned 
in advance and consists of a plastic bottle containing separate layers of sand, charcoal, and gravel. To use SODIS, place water in a transparent container and leave in direct sunlight for several hours to let UV kill bacteria. Consume within twenty-four hours.  Always pre-filter murky water to remove particles before disinfection, and avoid water near industrial areas or sewage. Straw-style water filters can be purchased inexpensively."

My DIY rainwater harvesting system has a capacity of 2,200 litres, plus I have 600 litres in ponds. On collection, leaves and other contaminants are removed so that the stored water is clear and requires no filtering before sterilisation.

However there are better alternantives filtration which are used in the commercial water processing industry. Flocculation is a process whereby the water is treated with a chemical that causes suspended particles to coagulate and sink, forming a sludge, the chemical ends up in the sludge too.  Doing this before passing it through a commercial filter will extend the lif of the filter.

Perhaps consider making an advanced osmotic filter using plant Xylem? Xylem water filters are the most advanced bushcraft water filters there are, and they are free.

Heres the scientific data from MIT:
Prototypes tested in India show promise as a low-cost, natural filtration option.

I still boiled the water.

Alternatively the Sawyer Squeeze is a reverse flushable water filter from an excellent company. The personal use version is £30-50.

Boiling however is the gold standard for purification & safe drinking water.

P&G make Flocculant Sachets for the Puribag. This system can purify murky water.

UV sterilisation systems
UV light of the correct frequescy 200-280nm is germicidal. From the personal Steripen to commercial scale water sterilisation. UV water seterilising systems are found in medium and large aquariums and can be modified for proceasing drinking. water

Alum, or Phitkari,
Commonly available Alum, or Phitkari, a mineral used to make deodorant stone, powdered and mixed with water makes an excellend flocculant. It is also usable as soap and disinfectant.- for survival this mineral is invaluable. It is also easily recovered and regrown after processes.

DO NOT DRINK FLOODWATER, EVEN AFTER FILTRATION AND BOILING

Survival straws are disposable plastic and NOT sustainable

Chemical treatment of water does not requires it to be clear, but its clarity is psycologically important.

Distilled water is not very healthy it should be avoided and only a last resort.

★★★☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆★★★

I grew up in a country where the water from the tap was undrinkable brackish water. We washed in it, but didn't drink it. You can wash in the river, just don't drink it.

Drinking water is precious.



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